Electrochemical/Chemical Deposition and Etching
The science and technology in this area explores fundamental aspects of electrochemical deposition of metals and alloys, structure and properties of deposits, and technological applications of electrochemically produced metals and alloys. Without these components, smartphones would lack the conductors that allow the flow of current—which in turn affects nearly every aspect of the phone.

• Contact pads and conductors allow the flow of current
• Transistors in liquid crystal display
• Photodiodes in imaging parts of the phone camera
• Processor is made of silicone
• Accelerometer flips the image view when rotating phone
• Phone surface is finished with either an etching method or the application of coating