A new device has given scientists a nanoscale glimpse of crevice and pitting corrosion as it happens.
Corrosion affects almost everything made of metal—cars, boats, underground pipes, and even the fillings in your teeth.
It carries a steep price tag—trillions of dollars annually—not mention, the potential safety, environmental, and health hazards it poses.
“Corrosion has been a major problem for a very long time,” says Jacob Israelachvili, a chemical engineering professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Confined spaces
Particularly in confined spaces—thin gaps between machine parts, the contact area between hardware and metal plate, behind seals and under gaskets, seams where two surfaces meet—close observation of such electrochemical dissolution had been an enormous challenge. But, not any more.
Using a device called the Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA), Israelachvili and colleagues were able to get a real-time look at the process of corrosion on confined surfaces.
“With the SFA, we can accurately determine the thickness of our metal film of interest and follow the development over time as corrosion proceeds,” says project scientist Kai Kristiansen.
The researchers’ setup also allowed them to have control of the salt composition of the solution, and temperature, as well as the electric potential of the nickel surface.
Crevice and pitting corrosion isn’t the kind of widespread surface rusting you may see on the hulls of old ships exposed to the ocean. Instead, they are intense, localized attacks, where visible decay can look deceptively minor.
In fact, things appear just fine until they fail catastrophically: machines break apart, bridges buckle, seafaring ship engines malfunction, dental fillings fall out.
For the new study, that appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers studied a nickel film against a mica surface. They focused on the initiation of corrosion—the point at which the metal surface begins to dissolve.
The degradation of the material didn’t occur in a homogenous fashion. Rather, certain areas—locations where there were likely microscale cracks and other surface defects—would experience intense local corrosion resulting in the sudden appearance of pits.
“It’s very anisotropic,” Israelachvili says, explaining that even within the crevices, different things are happening near the opening versus deep inside the crevice. “Because you’ve got diffusion occurring, it affects the rate at which the metal dissolves both in and out of the crevice. It’s a very complex process.”
“The first step in the corrosion process is usually very important, since that tells you that any protective surface layer has broken down and that the underlying material is exposed to the solution,” says graduate student Howard Dobbs.
From there, corrosion spreads from the pits and often does so rapidly, because the underlying material is not as resistant to the corrosive fluid.
“One of the most important aspects of our finding is the significance of the electric potential difference between the film of interest and the apposing surface in initiating corrosion,” Kristiansen says. When the electric potential difference reaches a certain critical value, the more likely corrosion will begin and the quicker it will spread. In this case, the nickel film experienced corrosion while the more chemically inert mica remained whole.
“We have seen this interesting effect before with other metal and non-metal materials,” Dobbs says. “We have some pieces of the puzzle, but we are still seeking to unravel the full mechanism of this phenomenon.”
This research into real-time, micro-, and nanoscale mechanisms of corrosion provides valuable information that the scientists can build upon, which may lead to models and predictions of how and when materials in confined spaces are likely to corrode.
“Basically it’s a matter of prolonging the lifetimes of metals and devices,” Israelachvili says. Especially these days where devices can be very small, and you can even put them in the body, understanding how to properly protect corrosion-prone surfaces will reduce the need to replace them due to damage.
Conversely, understanding how to accelerate dissolution where it would be appropriate would also be beneficial, such as with nontraditional (e.g., aluminosilica) cements that produce less carbon dioxide.
“An important step in the cement formation is the dissolution of cement’s main ingredients, silica and alumina, which is very slow and requires highly caustic conditions unsafe for use in large-scale production,” Dobbs says. “Improving the dissolution rate while avoiding the need for unsafe, caustic solutions would remove a technological barrier in the implementation of nontraditional cements.”
This article appeared on Futurity. Read the article.
Source: UC Santa Barbara
Original Study DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708205114
